Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by toxins released by certain strains of common bacteria. Although anyone can experience TSS, it occurs most often in healthy adults. The wound through which the bacteria gain entry is often minor or unnoticeable. Toxic shock syndrome has become linked with the use of tampons. TSS develops quickly and may be fatal. Still, this disease is fairly rare.
Toxins released by particular strains of extremely common families of bacteria called Staphylococcus and Streptococcus cause TSS. These bacteria are everywhere, including on our mucous membranes such as the throat, mouth, nose, and vagina. Most strains are harmless, but some bacteria release a threatening toxin (poison) into the blood.
Sepsis is a body-wide response to infection caused by bacteria or other substances. Septic shock is a serious case of sepsis, where the body goes into shock (life-threatening low blood pressure). TSS is a special form of septic shock caused by the toxins of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria.
Toxic shock syndrome can occur when women use tampons, especially "super-absorbent" ones. Toxic shock sprang to public attention in 1980, when over 700 women were infected around North America. Most of these women had recently switched to a new super-absorbent tampon. It’s still not clear why this type of tampon increases the risk of TSS, but it may be related to a "drying" of the vagina. Women who leave a diaphragm in place for more than 24 hours are also at an increased risk of TSS. Notably, the women with the highest risk of developing TSS for these reasons already have a bacterial colonization of staphylococcus in the vagina and develop TSS with prolonged use of these devices.
Many cases of TSS aren’t related to tampon use, but occur after surgery, accidental injury, or childbirth. Cases due to Streptococcus usually arise following surgery, but sometimes infections of the skin can result in TSS. Staphylococcus is generally responsible in tampon-related cases.
People with TSS need immediate intensive care. Any tampons or diaphragms must be removed from the vagina. The basis of treatment is replacing lost fluids, orally or intravenously, with a special mixture of liquids and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium). Some people may need a machine called a ventilator to help them breathe. Medications to increase blood pressure may be needed.
Wounds and any source of infection will be rinsed with water. Infected wounds will be cleaned and infected tissue may be removed if needed.
Antibiotics are given intravenously (into a vein) as well, especially to reduce the risk of the infection recurring. Human antibodies (immunoglobulin) may also help for severe cases.
Luckily, toxic shock syndrome is less common now than it was in the 1980s, because the most dangerous tampons have been withdrawn from the market. Women can minimize their chances of getting TSS by:
All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2025. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/Toxic-Shock-Syndrome
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